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Men of SWATF on parade in Windhoek
Manne van SWATF op parade in Windhoek
SWA GEBIEDSMAG -OORSIG VAN 1988* Die Soeke na Vrede Aan die einde van 1988 waarin daar soveel vordering op die pad na onafhanklikheid vir SWA/Namibie, asook in die soeke na vrede in hierdie deel van ons sub-kontinent gemaak is, is dit ook paslik om die aandeel van die SWA Gebiedsmag (SWA GM) daarin, in oenskou te neem. Die aandeel van die veiligheidsmagte in die proses was beslis nie gering nie. Suid-Afrika se militere vermoe en sy operasionele rekord veral teen die einde van 1987 en aan die begin van 1988 in die suid ooste van Angola, was een van die belangrikste bedingingsfaktore in die vredesonderhandelinge. Die SWA Gebiedsmag het egter ook 'n deurslaggewende rol gespeel. Lede van die SWA GM was betrokke by die groot militere operasies - Operasie Modular, Hooper en Packer - wat reeds in 1987 'n aanvang geneem het. Hierdie militere operasies het in 1988 ten einde geloop. Die sukses wat met hierdie operasies behaal is, het daartoe gelei dat Suid-Afrika uit 'n posisie van krag na die onderhandelingstafel kon gaan en voorwaardes vir 'n onderhandelde ooreenkoms stel. Hierdie vredesamesprekings is byna verongeluk deur 'n gesamentlike FAPLA/Kubaanse mag wat op 27 Junie 'n grond en lugaanval in die omgewing van die Calueque-waterskema geloods het. Die grondaanval is suksesvol deur die SA Weermag en SWA Gebiedsmag afgeweer. Genl maj Meyer, Bevelvoerende Generaal van die SWA GM, het die SAW/SWA GM-afvaardiging tydens die ondertekening van die vredesooreenkoms te Ruacana op 22 Augustus gelei. In hierdie vredesooreenkoms is voorsiening gemaak vir die samestelling van die Gesamentlike Militere Monitorkommissie (GMMK). Daar is ook ooreengekom dat alle SAW en SWA GM-troepe voor 1 September aan Angola onttrek sal wees. Hierdie ooreenkoms is nagekom en 'n gees van voldaanheid het onder die terugkerende troepe geheers, want hulle het hul taak om te verseker dat 'n groot gedeelte van Suid-Angola nie as basis vir SWAPO kan dien waarvandaan hy terreur-dade teen Suidwes-Afrika kan pleeg nie - suksesvol voltooi. Optrede ter Bekamping van Terreur Wat die veiligheidsmagte se ereplig betref, naamlik die beskerming van hierdie land en al sy inwoners teen terreur en ander aanslae van buite die landsgrense, kan die volgende aspekte uitgelig word: * Kontakte en hinderlae met SWAPO-terroriste het van 206 in 1987 tot 132 in 1988 afgeneem. * LandmynvoorvaUe het van 97 in 1987 tot 89 in 1988 afgeneem. * Intimidasievoorvalle deur terroriste het van 56 in 1987 tot 32 in 1988 afgeneem. * Sabotasie-voorvaUe het van 97 in 1987 tot 111 in 1988 toegeneem. * Wegstaanbestokings het van 35 in 1987 tot 41 in 1988 toegeneem. Hieruit kan afgelei word dat die vyand in toenemende mate kontak met die veiligheidsmagte vermy en hulle op lae risiko-aksies toegespits het. Sabotasie het toegeneem omdat die terroriste die opbou van Kubaanse/FAPLA-magte in die suide van Angola benut het om nader aan die grens te skuif. Weens die korter afstande was dit moontlik om groter hoeveelhede springstof die land in te bring met tragiese gevolge vir die onskuldige burgerlikes. Die blitsige optrede van die veiligheidsmagte het egter talle kere SWAPO se bedrywighede gekortwiek. So bv het die lede van die SWA GM voorkom dat meer mense na die lafhartige SWAPO-bomontploffing in Oshakati op 20 Februarie 1988 gesterf het. Altesame 72 burgerlikes is in 1988 as gevolg van SWAPO en ander oorlogsverwante aksies dood. Dit toon 'n afname vergeleke met 1987 toe 126 burgerlikes dood is. In hul volgehoue optrede om die mense van SWA/Namibie te beveilig, het die veiligheidsmagte 330 terroriste doodgeskiet. |
SWA TERRITORY FORCE - SURVEY OF 1988* The Quest for Peace At the end of 1988, a year in which so much progress was made along the road to independence for SWA/Namibia, and in the quest for peace in this part of our sub-continent, it is also appropriate to review the role of the SWA Territory Force (SWATF) in these developments. The part played by the security forces was certainly no small one. South Africa's military capabilities and its operational record, particularly towards the end of 1987 and at the beginning of 1988 in south-eastern Angola, were among the most important factors dominating the peace negotiations. The SWA Territory Force, however, also played a decisive role. Members of SWATF took part in the major operations -Moduler, Hooper and Packer — which began in 1987 and ended in 1988. The success of these operations meant that South Africa could go to the conference table in a position of strength and lay down the terms for a negotiated settlement. The peace talks were almost wrecked by the combined FAPLA/Cuban force which launched a ground and air attack in the vicinity of the Calueque water scheme on 27 June. The ground attack was successfully beaten off by the SA Defence Force and the SWA Territory Force. Maj Gen Meyer, Officer Commanding, SWATF, headed the SADF/SWATF delegation at the signing of the peace agreement at Ruacana on 22 August. This accord made provision for the establishment of the Joint Military Monitoring Commission (JMMC). It was also agreed that all SADF and SWATF troops would be withdrawn from Angola before 1 September. This undertaking was fulfilled and a spirit of satisfaction prevailed among the returning troops, for they knew that they had successfully achieved their objective - ensuring that a large part of southern Angola could not be used by SWAPO in its campaign of terror against the people of South West Africa. Counter-terrorist Actions As far as the security forces principal duty is concerned -the protection of this country and all its inhabitants against terrorist and other cross border attacks - the following statistics deserve to be highlighted: * Contacts and ambushes involving SWAPO terrorists decreased from 206 in 1987 to 132 in 1988. * Landmine incidents decreased from 97 in 1987 to 89 in 1988. * Occurrences of terrorist intimidation decreased from 56 in 1987 to 32 in 1988. * Occurrences of sabotage increased from 97 in 1987 to 111 in 1988. * Stand-off bombardments increased from 35 in 1987 to 41 in 1988. It can be gathered from these figures that the enemy was increasingly reluctant to come into contact with the security forces and therefore concentrated on low-risk operations. Sabotage increased because the terrorists were able to use the build-up of Cuban/FAPLA forces in the south of Angola to move closer to the border. The shorter distances made it possible for them to bring larger quantities of explosives into the country, with tragic consequences for innocent civilians. The lightning response of the security forces, however, frustrated SWAPO's intentions on numerous occasions. Thus, for example, members of SWATF prevented the deaths of many more people after the SWAPO's cowardly detonation of a bomb in Oshakati on 20 February 1988. A total of 72 civilians died in 1988 as a consequence of SWAPO and other war-related actions. This shows a decrease in comparison with 1987, when 126 civilians died. In the course of their constant efforts to protect the people of SWA/Namibia the security forces shot dead 330 terrorists. |
SWA GEBIETSMACHT ÜBERBLICK ÜBER 1988 Das Streben nach Frieden Am Ende des Jahres 1988, ein Jahr, in dem so viel Fortschritte auf dem Weg zur Unabhängigkeit für SWA / Namibia gemacht, und in dem Streben nach Frieden in diesem Teil unserer Subkontinent ist es auch sinnvoll, die Rolle der Überprüfung SWA Territory Force (SWATF) in diesen Entwicklungen. |
101 Bn - A Reaction Force unit of Sector 10 - became only the second operational unit to receive its own unit colours
101 Bn - 'n Reaksiemageenheid van Sektor 10 - het slegs die tweede operasionele eenheid geword wat sy eie eenheidsvaandel ontvang het
Die SWA Gebiedsmag - 'n Ware Hulp en Steun Maar dit was nie net in die operasionele gebied waar die soldate van die SWA GM hul lewens vir hul land veil gehad net nie. Hulle het 'n groot rol in die burgerlike beskermingsaksie tydens die Oranjeriviervloed gespeel. Talle lewens is deur hul voorkomende optrede gered. Dan was daar ook die kere toe die soldate moes help brandslaan in die berge rondom Windhoek en ook elders in die land. 'n Verdere bydrae wat deur die lede van die SWA GM gelewer is, is die diens ter ondersteuning van die polisie, soos bv straatpatrollering in Windhoek, asook beskermingsdienste by skoue en ander openbare feesgeleenthede. Hierdie dienste het beslis positiewe vrugte afgewerp. Die mate waarin Suidwes-Afrika se soldate hul met die lot van burgerlikes vereenselwig het, het duidelik geblyk uit: * die vrywillige bydrae van meer as R27 000 uit Gebiedsmaggeledere tot die Vloedrampfonds; en * verskeie geleenthede waar Gebiedsmageenhede en damesverenigings bejaardes en gestremdes onthaal het. Hierdie positiewe gesindheid teenoor die publiek het tot gevolg gehad dat die goeie verhoudinge tussen die SWA GM en die algemene bevolking van SWA van krag tot krag gegaan het. Welwillendheid aan die kant van die publiek het dan ook nie agterwee gebly nie: 'n duidelike bewys van die publiek se waardering vir die werk van die Gebiedsmag was die tjek van R40 000 wat deur die Soldatevriende-vereniging aan die SWA GM oorhandig is vir die ontwikkeling van ontspanningsgeriewe vir soldate in die operasionele gebied. Die vertroue van die gemeenskap in die Gebiedsmag se militere eenhede is ook veral in die volgende gebeure weerspieel: * Op 17 Maart het Keetmanshoop sy poorte vir die Areamageenheid van die dorp oopgegooi. Die nuwe hoofkwartiergebou is amptelik geopen, die eenheid het sy reg van vrye toegang tot die dorp uitgeoefen en * Die toekenning van die vryheid van toegang tot Gobabis aan Sektor 50 se hoofkwartier op 28 Julie was die hoqgtepunt van die verrigtinge rondom die Sektor se tiende verjaardagvierings. * Die Gebiedsmageenheid op Otjiwarongo is ook toegelaat om hul reg tot vrye toegang uit te oefen. Tienjarige Feeste 61 Gemeganiseerde Bataljongroep het in 1988 \ bestaansjaar gevier. Hulle deelname aan die 11988 hulle tiende gemeganiseerde parade op Oshakati tydens die herdenking van Operasie Reindeer, het vir hulle 'n besondere betekenis ingehou omdat hierdie eenheid juis sy ontstaan gehad het uit Veggroep Juliet wat aan Operasie Reindeer deelgeneem het en later daardie jaar (1978) in 'n volwaardige eenheid omskep is. Die hoogtepunt tydens 203 Bn se tiende verjaarsdag was die medaljeparade op 31 Mei. Hoewel Boesmansoldate van 203 Bn gereeld operasionele diens in Owambo verrig, spits die bataljon horn ook daarop toe om die stabiele situasie tot voordeel van Boesmanland te benut. Hierdie bataljon het vir die Boesmanvolk hoop op 'n blink toekoms gebring: skole, kerke, 'n bron van inkomste en vrede. Nog 'n tienjarige fees wat van stapel gestuur is, is die dekadelange vrede wat in Sektor 70 gevier is met 'n vlaghysingsparade op 23 Augustus, gevolg deur 'n kransleggingseremonie vir alle gesneuweldes van die sektor die volgende dag. Op 23 Augustus was dit presies tien jaar sedert SWAPO-terroriste laas die Oos-Caprivi vanuit Zambie probeer insypel het. SWAPO-terroriste het Oos-Caprivi met Katima Mulilo as hoofteiken in 'n semi-kon-vensionele offensief aangeval. Die gevolge van hierdie aanval was vir SWAPO katastrofies en pres Kenneth Kaunda van Zambie het besluit dat dit nie die moeite werd is om 'n land in rook te laat opgaan ter wille van SWAPO nie. Sedertdien het tien jaar verstryk, waarin daar vrede, voorspoed en vooruitgang in Oos-Caprivi geheers het. |
The SWA Territory Force - Dependable and Invaluable It was not only in the operational area that the soldiers of SWATF risked their lives for their country. They played an important part in civil defence activities during the Orange River floods. Many lives were saved as a result of their preventive actions. There were also times when soldiers had to assist in fire-fighting in the mountains around Windhoek and elsewhere in the country. Another contribution by the members of SWATF was service in support of the police - street-patrols in Windhoek and protective services at shows and other public festivals, for instance. These activities certainly yielded positive results. The degree to which the soldiers of South West Africa identify with the lot of the civilian population is apparent from: * the voluntary contribution of more than R27 000 from members of SWATF to the Flood Disaster Fund; and * the numerous occasions on which SWATF units and ladies' associations have entertained the aged and the Because of this positive attitude towards the public, the relationship between SWATF and the people of SWA has gone from strength to strength. This goodwill has also been reciprocated; a clear indication of public gratitude for the Territory Force's work was the cheque for R40000 donated by the Friends of the Soldiers Association for the development of recreational facilities for troops in the operational area. The community's faith in the military units of the Territory Force is particularly reflected in the following events: * 17 March saw the official opening of Keetmanshoop's Area Force Unit headquarters. The unit exercised its right of free entry to the town and ten of its members * On 28 July Sector 50 Headquarters was granted the freedom of entry to Gobabis; this was the climax of the Sector's tenth anniversary celebrations. * Otjiwarongo's Area Force Unit was also permitted to exercise its right of freedom, Tenth Anniversary Celebrations 61 Mechanised Battalion Group celebrated its tenth anniversary. Its participation in the mechanised parade held at Oshakati to commemorate Operation Reindeer was particularly significant, because this unit originated out of Combat Group Juliet, which fought in that operation and was transformed into a fully-fledged unit later that year (1978). The highlight of 203 Battalion's tenth anniversary was the medal-parade on 31 May. Although the Bushman soldiers of 203 Bn regularly do operational duty in Ovam-boland, the unit has set its heart on taking full advantage of the stable situation in the interests of Bushmanland. This battalion has brought its people hope for a bright future: schools, churches, a source of income, and peace. Another celebration was held by Sector 70, with a flag-raising ceremony on 23 August to commemorate a decade of peace in its area. This was followed the next day with a wreath-laying ceremony in honour of the Sector's dead. On 23 August it was precisely ten years since SWAPO terrorists last attempted to infiltrate Eastern Ca-privi from Zambia. In 1978, SWAPO terrorists mounted a semi-conventional offensive against Eastern Caprivi, with Katima Mulilo as their principal target. For SWAPO the consequences of his attack proved catastrophic, and President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia decided that it was not worth watching his country go up in flames for the sake of SWAPO. Since then Eastern Caprivi has experienced ten years of peace, progress and prosperity. |
Die SWA Gebietsmacht - Zuverlässig und wertvolle Es war nicht nur im operativen Bereich, dass die Soldaten der SWATF riskierten ihr Leben für ihr Land. Sie spielten eine wichtige Rolle bei der Zivilschutz Aktivitäten während der Orange River Überschwemmungen. Viele Leben wurden als Ergebnis ihrer Präventivmaßnahmen gespeichert. Es gab auch Zeiten, in denen Soldaten in Brand unterstützen Kämpfe in den Bergen rund um Windhoek und in anderen Teilen des Landes.Ein weiterer Beitrag von den Mitgliedern des SWATF wurde zur Unterstützung von der Polizei - Street-Patrouillen in Windhoek und Protective Services auf Ausstellungen und andere öffentliche Feste, zum Beispiel. Diese Aktivitäten sicherlich zu positiven Ergebnissen geführt. Das Ausmaß, in dem die Soldaten der Süd-West-Afrika mit der Partie der Zivilbevölkerung zu ermitteln sich aus: * Die freiwillige Beteiligung von mehr als R27 000 von Mitglieder des SWATF zu der Flutkatastrophe Fonds und * Die zahlreichen Gelegenheiten, bei denen SWATF Einheiten und Verbände Damen unterhalten haben, die Alten und die behinderte Menschen. Aufgrund dieser positiven Einstellung gegenüber der Öffentlichkeit hat sich die Beziehung zwischen SWATF und das Volk von SWA von mehr an Stärke gewonnen. Dieser Firmenwert wurde auch erwidert, ein deutliches Zeichen für öffentliche Dankbarkeit für die Arbeit des Territory Force war der Scheck für R40000 von den Freunden der Soldaten Vereinigung für die Entwicklung von Freizeiteinrichtungen für Truppen im operativen Bereich gespendet. Die Gemeinde den Glauben an die militärischen Einheiten des Territoriums Force ist vor allem in den folgenden Ereignisse wider: * 17. März fand die offizielle Eröffnung des Keetmanshoop's Area Force Unit Zentrale. Die Einheit ausgeübt hat Recht auf freie Einreise in die Stadt und zehn seiner Mitglieder erhalten Medaillen. * Am 28. Juli Sector 50 Hauptsitz gewährt wurde, die Freiheit für die Einreise nach Gobabis, das war der Höhepunkt des Sektors zehntes Jubiläum. * Otjiwarongo's Gebiet Force Unit wurde auch erlaubt, von seinem Recht Gebrauch der Freiheit. Zehnter Jahrestag Feiern 61 Mechanisierte Bataillon Gruppe ihr zehnjähriges Jubiläum gefeiert. Seine Teilnahme an der Parade in der mechanisierten Oshakati statt Operation Rentier war besonders bedeutsam, zu gedenken, da diese Einheit der Kampfgruppe Julia, die in diesem Betrieb geführt und wurde in ein vollwertiges Gerät später in diesem Jahr (1978) verwandelt aus entstanden.Der Höhepunkt des zehnten Jahrestags 203 Bataillons wurde die Medaille-parade am 31. Mai. Obwohl die Soldaten Bushman von 203 Mrd. regelmäßig in Betrieb befindlichen Pflicht OVAM-Boland, verfügt das Gerät über das Herz auf die volle Nutzung der stabilen Situation im Interesse der Bushmanland gesetzt. Dieses Bataillon gebracht hat, die Menschen Hoffnung für die Zukunft: Schulen, Kirchen, eine Quelle des Einkommens und des Friedens. Eine weitere Feier wurde durch den Sektor 70 statt, mit einer Fahne Richtfest am 23. August zu einem Jahrzehnt des Friedens in ihrem Gebiet zu gedenken. Darauf folgte am nächsten Tag mit einer Kranzniederlegung zu Ehren der Branche tot ist. Am 23. August war es genau zehn Jahre her, seit zuletzt versucht SWAPO Terroristen zu infiltrieren Ost-Ca-privi aus Sambia. Im Jahr 1978, stieg die SWAPO Terroristen ein semi-konventioneller Offensive gegen Ost-Caprivi, mit Katima Mulilo als Hauptziel. Für die SWAPO die Folgen seines Angriffs erwies sich als Katastrophe, und Präsident Kenneth Kaunda von Sambia beschlossen, dass es nicht sehenswert sein Land in Flammen aufgehen im Interesse der SWAPO. Seitdem hat die Eastern Caprivi zehn Jahre Frieden, Fortschritt und Wohlstand erlebt. |
201 Bn at Omega received its unit colours
'n Eenheidsvaandel is aan 201 Bn op Omega oorhandig
Die SWA Gebiedsmag Eer sy Ontslape Lede Die dienste wat die soldate van SWA Gebiedsmag aan hul land en hul mense lewer, gaan beslis nie ongemerk verby nie. 29 Oktober 1988 het nog 'n hoogtepunt in die geskiedenis van 102 Bataljon van Kaokoland opgelewer, toe 'n gedenknaald ter ere van soldate wat hulle lewens opgeoffer het, deur die Bevelvoerende Generaal van die SWA GM, genl maj Meyer, onthul is. 'n Tweede gedenknaald is gedurende 1988 onthul en wel op 13 November in Suiderhofbasis ter ere van 1 SWA Genie Regiment se veertien lede wat sedert die eenheid-stigting in 1980 in die operasionele gebied gesneuwel het. By verskeie ander basisse is daar ook gedenkdienste ter ere van hulle wat die hoogste offer gebring het, gehou. Op 4 Mei is 'n parade ter herdenking van Operasie Reindeer en die aanval op die SWAPO-basis, Cassinga, gehou. Die militere sukses op 4 Mei 1978 deur die veiligheidsmagte behaal, was 'n keerpunt in die stryd teen SWAPO-terroriste. Daarom is die spesiale herdenkingsdag deur die hoofkwartier van Sektor 10 gereel. Groot getalle oud-soldate wat by die gevegte betrokke was, het vir die geleentheid na Oshakati gegaan. Die verrigtinge is die oggend met 'n gemotoriseerde en gemeganiseerde parade deur die dorp begin. Ongeveer sewentig troepe-draers het aan die parade deelgeneem. Die deelname van die lugmag het onder andere 'n verbyvlug ingesluit. Daarna het 'n bataljonparade van 101 Bn gevolg. Lt genl I.R. Gleeson, Hoof van Weermagstaf, was die spreker tydens hierdie geleentheid. Hy het gese dat die kombinasie van die SA Weermag en die SWA Gebiedsmag 'n wenkombinasie is. |
SWATF Honours its Dead The service rendered by the troops of SWATF to their country and its people have certainly not gone unnoticed. 29 October 1988 marked another highlight in the history of 102 Battalion of Kaokoland, when the General Officer Commanding SWATF, Maj Gen Meyer, unveiled a memorial obelisk in honour of those soldiers who sacrificed their lives. A second memorial was unveiled on 13 November, at Suiderhof Base, in honour of the fourteen members of 1 SWA Engineering Regiment who lost their lives in the operational area since the unif s establishment in 1980. Services were also held at a number of other bases in memory of those who made the supreme sacrifice. On 4 May a parade was held to commemorate Operation Reindeer and the assault on the SWAPO base, Cassinga. The security forces' victory on 4 May 1978 was the turning point in the campaign against SWAPO terrorists. It is for this reason that this special commemoration was organised by Sector 10 headquarters. Large numbers of ex-soldiers who took part in the operation came to Oshakati to attend the occasion. Proceedings began in the morning with a motorised and mechanised parade through the streets of the town. Some 70 troop-carriers took part. The air force' contribution included a fly-past. This was followed by a battalion parade by 101 Bn. Lt Gen I.R. Gleeson, Chief of Defence Force Staff, gave the address, saving that the SADF and the SWA Territory Force made a winning combination.
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SWATF ehrt seine Toten Die erbrachten Leistungen durch die Truppen des SWATF, ihr Land und seine Menschen haben sicherlich nicht unbemerkt geblieben. 29. Oktober 1988 markiert einen weiteren Höhepunkt in der Geschichte der 102 Bataillon Kaokoland, wenn der General Kommandeur SWATF, Maj Gen Meyer, enthüllt ein Denkmal Obelisk zu Ehren der Soldaten, die ihr Leben geopfert haben. |
The unveiling of the memorial obelisk in honour of those soldiers who sacrificed their lives
Die Gedenknaald is by 102 Bn onthul ter ere van soldate wat hul lewens opgeoffer het
Militere Oefeninge Deur die loop van die jaar het drie militere oefeninge plaasgevind. Die grootste vlootoefening in die geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Vloot, Oefening Magersfontein, is aan die Suidweskus in die omgewing van Walvisbaai gehou. Hierdie oefening het egter hoofsaaklik SA Weermag-deelname behels. 'n Gemeganiseerde militere oefening wat ten doel gehad het om Burgermaglede op te skerp en paraat te maak vir grensdiens, is ook in die weste van Owamboland gehou. Die oefening wat die afsluiting van die Burgermaglede se heropleiding was, is deur 'n groot aantal senior weermaglede en genooide gaste bygewoon. Dit is voorafgegaan deur 'n statiese uitstalling en demonstrasie van verskil-lende infanterie, artillerie, lugafweer en pantserwapens. Tydens die oefening is van lewendige ammunisie gebruik gemaak en 'n divisie gevegsvoertuie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag, bestaande uit Olifanttenks en Ratel-gevegsvoertuie, gesteun deur mortiere en artillerie, asook Impala vegvliegtuie van die SA Lugmag, het aan 'n skynaanval deelgeneem. Die SA Geneeskundige Diens het 'n ondersteunende rol gespeel. Nog 'n militere oefening wat gedurende die jaar plaasgevind het, was Oefening Nekslag. Die doel van hierdie operasie was om die werktuigkundiges van 1 SWA Werk-plaas vertroud te maak met die moeilike operasionele omstandighede, waaronder hulle steeds doeltreffend moes kon werk. Werktuigkundiges se rol in militere operasies was nog altyd van groot belang, aangesien die diensbaar-heid van voertuie 'n bepalende rol in die sukses van militere operasies kan speel. Die SWA Gebiedsmag en Kultuur Die Gebiedsmag het ook deur skou-optredes en uitstallings by verskeie geleenthede 'n groot rol gespeel. Op kultuurgebied het die SWA GM ook sy deel bygedra. Tydens die Dias 500-fees wat in Julie op Luderitz gehou is, is net die hoogste lof uitgespreek vir die bydrae wat uniformdraende personeel en veral die lede van die Gebiedsmag tot die geleentheid gelewer het. Die Gebiedsmagorkes, 202 Bataljon se koor en 'n motorfietsseksie van 1 SWA Spesialiste-eenheid het verskeie openbare optredes gedurende die feesperiode gelewer. 'n Beskermingselement van Bethanie se areamageenheid met steun van Luderitz se areamagkompanie, het vir die veiligheid van die feesgangers gesorg. Die Soldaat en Sport Die kameraadskap en groepsgees wat deur sport ontwikkel word, is van groot belang in 'n gevegsituasie en Swakopmund is gereel en aangebied. Hierdie marathon wat as een van die moordendste marathons in die land beskou word, is op 9 Julie beslis. 'n Driedae-lange sportfees is ook in Julie deur Sektor 50 op Gobabis gereel. Alle suidelike militere formasies en eenhede het hieraan deelgeneem. Afgesien van die bekende sportitems is 'n roetemars vir die eerste keer in Suidwes-Afrika se sportgeskiedenis as 'n sportitem aangebied. Tydens hierdie feesgeleentheid het SWA Militere Skool skoonskip gemaak. Die tiende Visrivier-marathon wat jaarliks deur Sektor 60 op Keetmanshoop aangebied word, was soos in die verlede weer eens 'n groot sukses. Ook aan hierdie marathon het die sportgeesdriftiges van die SWA GM ywerig deelgeneem. Die Caprivi-halfmarathon het op 22 Oktober tussen M'Pacha en Katima Mulilo plaasgevind. Die marathon, wat in 1987 vir die eerste keer aangebied is, het verskeie top marathon atlete vanoor die hele Suid-Afrika gelok na een van die mees afgesonderde plekke in Suid- en Suidwes-Afrika. In die afdeling vir weegmagmans het die Capriviane geseevier. Na afloop van die marathon is alle atlete en belangstellendes getrakteer met 'n skouspelagtige vuurkragdemonstrasie. Afgesien van die uitstekende prestasies wat lede van die SWA GM in byna alle sportsoorte behaal het, is 'n splinternuwe sportsoort, Handbal, ook sedert die begin van 1988 deur lede van die Gebiedsmag beoefen. Reeds na een seisoen is die SWA GM se handbalspelers as van die bestes tydens die SA Handbal Federasie-klubkampioen-skappe uitgewys. 'n Volksweermag In 1988 was die SWA Gebiedsmag dus weer eens by uitstek 'n ware Volksweermag wat die belange van alle Suidwesters gedien het en wat weer soos in vorige jare sy opdrag en taak nougeset uitgevoer het. Die vasstelling van die datum waarop die tienjaar-oue Resolusie 435 van die Verenigde Volke in werking gestel gaan word om die onafhanklikheid van SWA/Namibie teweeg te bring, gaan egter ook vir die SWA Gebiedsmag die afsluiting van 'n fase meebring, want een van die bepalings van hierdie Resolusie is dat die Gebiedsmag moet ontbind. Die SWA Gebiedsmag is op 27 Met 1989 gedemobiliseer |
Military Exercises Three military exercises were held in the course of the year. The largest naval exercise in the South African Navy's history, Exercise Magersfontein, was held on the South West coast in the vicinity of Walvis Bay. This exercise was mainly for the benefit of SA Defence Force units, however. A mechanised military exercise aimed at refreshing an preparing Citizen Force units for border duty was held in western Ovamboland. This exercise marked the conclusion of these Citizen Force soldiers' retraining and was attended by a large number of senior defence force officers and invited guests. It was preceded by a static exhibition and by a demonstration of various infantry, artillery, antiaircraft and anti-tank weapons. Live ammunition was used during the exercise and a division of South African Defence Force armoured vehicles, consisting of Olifant tanks and Ratel armoured personnel carriers, supported by mortars and artillery and by Impala fighter aircraft from the South African Air Force, took part in a mock attack. The SA Medical Service played a support role. Another military exercise that took place during the year was Exercise Nekslag, the aim of which was to acquaint the mechanics of 1 SWA Workshop with the difficult operational conditions under which they would still be expected to work effectively. The mechanic has always played a very impotant part in military operations, because the serviceability of vehicles can be crucial to success. SWATF and Culture The Territory Force has taken part in many shows and exhibitions. It has also done its bit in cultural terms. During the Dias 500 festival held in Luderitz in July, the uniformed personnel and particularly the members of the Territory Force were singled out for the highest praise. The Territory Force Band, 202 Battalion's choir and a motor-cycle section from 1 SWA Specialist Unit performed at various public functions during the festival. Security was provided by a protection element of Betha-nien Area Force Unit supported by Liideritz's Area Force Company. Sport and the Soldier The camaraderie and sense of belonging developed by sport is very important in the combat situation, which is why the Territory Force expends so much effort on it. As usual, the Territory Force organised the annual Dunes marathon over the 52 km between Swakopmund and Walvis Bay. The marathon, one of the toughest in the country, was held on 9 July. A three-day sports meeting was also organised by Sector 50 in July at Gobabis. All southern military formations and units participated. Apart from the usual sports items, a route march was included in the programme for the first time in South West Africa's sporting history. SWA Military School swept the board at the festival. The tenth Fish River marathon, which is organised annually by Sector 60 at Keetmanshoop, was once again a great success. SWATF's sports enthusiasts also threw themselves into this event. The Caprivi half-marathon was held on 22 October between M'Pacha and Katima Mulilo. The race, which was held for the first time in 1987, attracted several of the top marathon athletes in South Africa to one of the most remote parts of South or South West Africa. The Capri-vians won the defence force men's category. After the marathon the competitors and spectators were treated to a spectacular demonstration of military firepower. Besides the outstanding achievements of members of SWATF in virtually every kind of sport, the beginning of 1988 saw the introduction of a brand new sport to the Territory Force - handball. After just one season, the SWATF team was singled out as one of the best in the SA Handball Federation club championships. A People's Defence Force 1988 showed once again that the SWA Territory Force is above all a people's defence force, which serves in the interests of all South Westers and which, as in previous years, does its duty and carries out its orders to the letter. The agreement on the date upon which the ten-year old UN Resolution 435 is to come into operation, paving the way for the independence of SWA/Namibia, will also mark the end of a phase in the history of the SWA Territory Force, for one of the stipulations of the resolution that the Territory Force must be disbanded. The SWA Territory Force was demobolised on 27 May 1989. |
Militärische Übungen Drei militärische Übungen wurden im Laufe des Jahres stattfinden. Der größte See Übung in der Geschichte der südafrikanischen Marine, Übung Magersfontein, wurde auf der Süd-West-Küste in der Nähe von Walvis Bay statt. Diese Übung wurde vor allem zum Nutzen der SA Defence Force Einheiten jedoch. Ein Volk Verteidigungsmacht |
In the constitutional development of SWA diplomacy and negotiation played and important role
In die konstitusionele ontwikkeling van SWA het diplomasie en onderhandeling gewis 'n belangrike rol gespeel
MILITERE KRONIEK VAN S.WES-AFRIKA (1915 - 1988) Saamgestel deur kol C.J. Nothling Inleiding Die aanvaarding van UNSCR 435/78 (Resolusie 435) deur die Verenigde Volke (VVO) se veiligheidsraad in September 1978 het die weg aangedui vir 'n onafhanklike Suidwes-Afrika/Namibie (SWA). In weerwil van die optimistiese vooruitsig dat SWA reeds teen die einde van 1978 op die weg van onafhanklikheid geplaas sou word, is die implementering van 'n onderhandelde skikplan vir die gebied egter met meer as 'n dekade vertraag. Die onder-tekening van die drieparty en bylaterale ooreenkoms by die Verenigde Volke in New York op 22 Desember 1988 was 'n belangrike mylpaal in SWA se konstitusionele ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis ofskoon heelwat struikelblokke nog in die weg van SWA se onafhanklikheid gestaan het. Na die ondertekening van hierdie ooreenkomste het die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister van Buitelandse Sake, mnr Pik Botha, opgemerk dat die swaar verliese wat die Suid-Afrikaanse magte die vyand (magte van die MPLA-bewind en Kubaanse troepe) by die Lombarivier in Angola toegedien het (1987), die keerpunt was wat tot die drieparty-ooreenkoms gelei het. Mnr Botha se uitlating was weer eens 'n bevestiging van vorige uitsprake deur politieke leiers en militere kenners. Die Minister van Verdediging, genl M.A. de M. Malan, het by verskillende geleenthede duidelik te kenne gegee dat die Suid-Afrikaanse magte se militere oorwinnings in Angola die Kubaanse regering en die MPLA-bewind na die onderhandelingstafel gedwing het. So bv het hy tydens 'n vleuelparade by die Sentrale Vliegskool (Dunnottar) op 1 Desember 1988 die volgende opmerking gemaak: "Die gevegte by die Lombarivier en Cuito Cuanavale het Kuba en die Luanda-regime na die onderhandelingstafel gedwing." In die konstitusionele ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis van SWA het diplomasie en onderhandeling gewis 'n belangrike rol gespeel. Terselfdertyd kan die deurslaggewende rol wat militere faktore as dryfvere in die onderhandelingsproses met betrekking tot SWA gespeel het, nouliks ontken word. Insgelyks kan die historiese rol van militere konflik in die politieke ontwikkeling van SWA ook nie onderskat word nie. In hierdie artikel word die militere geskiedenis van SWA oorsigtelik in oenskou geneem. Dit is uiteraard onvolledig, dog daar is gepoog om die belangrikste historiese grepe wat 'n rol in SWA se ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis gespeel het in perspektief te plaas. Eerste Wereldoorlog Suid-Afrika (SA) het in die Eerste Wereldoorlog vir die eerste maal in SWA betrokke geraak toe 'n ekspedisiemag van 67 000 man in 1914 gemobiliseer is om die gebied van die Duitse koloniale bewind te verower. Gedurende die veldtog in Duits-Suidwes-Afrika het die Suid-Afrikaanse magte die Duitse magte binne ses maande met 'n verlies van slegs 266 man tot oorgawe gedwing. Op 9 Julie 1915 het dr Theodor Seitz, die Duitse goewerneur, en die Duitse opperbevelhebber, kol V. Franke, by Khorab (Otavi) met sowat 4 740 soldate oorgegee. Die gebied van 825000 vk km is op dieselfde dag tydelik onder Suid-Afrikaanse militere bestuur geplaas. Militere bestuur in SWA is op 17 Desember 1920 beeindig toe die gebied deur die Volkebond ingevolge die mandaatstelsel onder SA se administrasie geplaas is. Die Twintigerjare: Vrywilliger-organisasies en Opstande In die vroee twintigerjare het die Administrateur van SWA verskeie versoeke vir die stigting van skietverenigings ontvang. Hierdie versoeke is goedgekeur en die regulasies vir die stigting van die militere skietklubs is in 1921 uitgevaardig. Hierdie skietklubs het hul eie konstitusies gehad wat deur die Administrateur goedgekeur is. Die volgende operasionele optrede van die Unieverdedigingsmag in SWA het in 1922 plaasgevind toe die Bondelswarts-stam onder kaptein Jacobus Christian in opstand gekom het omdat die owerheid nie aan hul eise rakende die grense van hul reservaat wou toegee nie. Nadat die stamkaptein geweier het om 'n aantal van sy volgelinge wat hul aan wangedrag en diefstal skuldig gemaak het, uit te lewer, is 'n mag van 400 man in SWA op die been gebring. Lede van die skietklubs het op 'n vrywillige grondslag in hierdie mag gedien. Die hulp van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag is ook ingeroep om die opstand te be'e'indig. Die rebelle wat in gevegte by Driehoek en Berg Kanmer swaar verliese gely het, is uiteindelik op 2 Junie 1922 tot oorgawe gedwing teen welke tyd die Lugmag 105 operasionele ure sonder verliese gevlieg het. Meer as 100 rebelle is dood terwyl net twee lede van die veiligheidsmagte omgekom het. In Januarie 1923 is 'n Burgermag proklamasie uitgevaardig wat voorsiening gemaak het vir die insluiting en aanwending van geskikte weerbare mans in SWA vir die verdediging van die gebied. 'n Aanvang is gemaak met die opstel van 'n Burgermaglys terwyl offisiere aangestel is. Hierdie stelsel van militere diens is deur latere proklamasies in 1924 en 1927 gewysig. In April 1925 het die Rehoboth-basters in opstand gekom. Altesame 464 lede van die Burgermag is in sekere distrikte opgeroep en 'n mag onder Kol M.J. de Jager is gemobiliseer om die opstand te onderdruk. Inmiddels is besluit om drie vliegtuie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag na SWA te stuur. Op 4 April het die vliegtuie van Louisvale opgestyg en oor Keetmanshoop na die Rehoboth gebied gevlieg. Lugoperasies teen die opstandelinge het die volgende dag begin en is binne enkele ure suksesyol afgehandel. Hierna is lugoperasies ook in ander gebiede onderneem. In 'n spesiale resolusie wat na die opstand deur die SWA-Adviesraad aanvaar is, is die doeltreffende optrede van die veiligheidsmagte geloof. Dit is interessant om daarop te let dat SWA se verdedi-gingsuitgawes in daardie stadium geheel en al deur die SWA-administrasie gedra is. Selfs die Burgermagkomponent wat tydens die Rehoboth-opstand gemobiliseer is, is deur die SWA-administrasie gefinansier. Nog 'n gebeurtenis van historiese belang wat in 1925 plaasgevind het, was die kansellering van die regulasies van 1921 wat die stigting van skietklubs gemagtig het. In die plek hiervan is voorsiening gemaak vir skietoefeninge onder Burgermagregulasies. 'n Daadwerklike poging is in 1927 aangewend om die Burgermag (SWA) as 'n effektiewe verdedigingsorganisasie te vestig. 'n Ambisieuse skema is gepubliseer terwyl 'n permanente hoofkwartier vir die Burgermag gestig is. Kol M.J. de Jager is as hoofkommandant aangestel met Maj C.A.B. van Coller (die Kommissaris van Polisie van SWA) as hoof-staf-offisier en Kapt W.G.C. Steyn as staf-adjudant. In Oktober 1927 het selfs verdere aanstellings gevolg, nl die van Maj Fourie as Direkteur van Geneeskundige Dienste en Maj. E. Richardson as Direkteur van Voorrade. Vanwee geldelike probleme het die Burgermag nooit behoorlik gefunksioneer nie en militere opleiding het nouliks meer as skyfskietoefeninge behels. Die pos van staf-adjudant is in 1931 afgeskaf terwyl die van Hoofkommandant in 'n erepos omskep is. Die Burgermagorganisasie het feitlik tot niet gegaan en selfs die skietoefeninge het op 'n nie-amptelike grondslag plaasgevind. Die Dertigerjare: Opstand in Owambo en Stigting van Kmdmt SWA In Julie 1932 het die owerheid in SWA probleme met die hoof van die Ukuambi-stam ondervind. Drie vliegtuie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag en twee pantserkarre is vanaf Pretoria na Owambo gestuur en die stamhoof is tot oorgawe gedwing. In 1938 en 1939 het verskeie instansies gepoog om die Burgermag te laat herleef en 'n skoolkadetkorps in SWA op die been te bring. Samespreklngs in Maart 1939 het gelei tot 'n konsepvoorstel vir die daarstelling van 'n infanterie-bataljon met 'n totale sterkte 29 offisiere en 402 ander range. Hierdie voorstel het uiteindelik gelei tot Unie-regeringsproklamasie no 234 van 1939 waardeur die Verdedigingswet van 1912 ook op SWA van toepassing gemaak is. Ingevolge hierdie proklamasie is Kommandement SWA in November 1939 gestig. Dit het bestaan uit 'n Burgermagkomponent van vrywilligers wat verder aangevul is deur 'n ondersteuningskompanie en seiners. Op 1 Desember 1939 is die 1 SWA Infanterie-bataljon (1 SWA Inf Bn) gestig met sy hoofkwartier in Windhoek. Dit het deel gevorm van die Unie se Burgermag. Tweede Wereldoorlog In hierdie stadium het Suid-Afrika as bondgenoot van die Geallieerde lande reeds tot die Tweede Wereldoorlog toegetree. SWA was lank nie meer 'n Duitse kolonie nie, maar Duitse sentimente was steeds sterk en Adolf Hitler se bewindsoorname in Duitsland het die invloed van die Nazi-party ook in SWA laat toeneem. Gedurende die dertigerjare het Hitler openlik aangedring op die teruggawe van die vroeere Duitse kolonies. Tydens die ampstermyn van Dr D.G. Conradie het militante Nazi-organisasies heelwat onrus in SWA veroorsaak. Dit het die owerheid genoop om op te tree en teen die einde van 1939 was reeds 150 Nazi-gesinde leiers ge'i'nterneer en in Oktober 1940 het 1 200 Duitssprekendes hul in interneringskampe bevind. Die nuutgestigte infanterie-bataljon van SWA is op 20 Junie 1940 gemobiliseer. In die daaropvolgende maande is die eenheid hoofsaaklik gebruik om krygsgevangenes te begelei en te bewaak. As gevolg van die vreedsame toestand in SWA gedurende die Tweede Wereldoorlog, was dit spoedig moontlik om 1 SWA Inf Bn na die Unie te verskuif. Op 22 Junie 1940 is dit as 'n vrywilliger-oorlogstydse bataljon gemobiliseer en gedurende die oorlog het dit in SA en Noord-Afrika gedien. In 1940 is 32 Verdedigingskietverenigings in SWA gestig en in vier kommando's georganiseer, dog hul bedrywighede is in dieselfde jaar gestaak. In hulle plek is sewentien Nasionale Reserwe-vrywilligereenhede gestig. Op 20 Januarie 1940 stuur die Adjudant-generaal die volgende besonderhede oor Kmdmt SWA aan die Hoof van die Generale Staf: SWA HK is gestig in Windhoek met die volgende staf: Bevelvoerder 2 Stafoffisiere 2 Ordonnansklerke Een stafoffisier sou ook as adjudant optree vir 1 SWA Inf Bn wat as 'n eenheid van die Aktiewe Burgermag gestig is met Windhoek as hoofkwartier en afdelings by Keetmanshoop, Grootfontein, Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Okahandja en Kalkveld. In Walvisbaai is lugafweer en artillerie-eenhede geplaas. Die Na-oorlogse Tydperk: 1946-1948 Op 1 Januarie 1946 herleef die ou 1 SWA Inf Bn onder sy ou naam. Die sewentien Nasionale Reserwe-vrywiliigers-eenhede het hul aktiwiteite in 1946 weer hervat en daarmee voortgegaan tot 15 Desember 1948 toe die skietverenigings vervang is deur skietkommando's. Die Nasionale Reserwe van Vrywilligereenhede in SWA is op 31 Maart 1947 ontbind. In die tyd wat hulle in diens was, het die Nasionale Vrywilligers militere opleiding op 'n deeltydse basis ontvang om hulle vir enige taak wat moontlik aan hulle toegeken kon word, voor te berei. Die Vyftigerjare: Stigting van Kommando's Gedurende 1957 is die SWA Infanterie-eenheid as gevolg van 'n beperkte reorganisasie van die Unieverdedigingsmag na 'n pantserkarregiment verander. Die Goewerneur-generaal het die nuwe eenheidsbenaming, nl Regiment SWA, goedgekeur. In dieselfde jaar is die skietkommando's in kommando's omgeskep. Die volgende ses kommando's en een veldkornetskap is gestig: Kommando Etosha se Veldkornetskap Gibeon Gobabis Noordelike SWA Noordwestelike SWA Sentraal SWA Suidelike SWA Distrikte Tsumeb en Grootfontein Gibeon en Maltehoho Gobabis Outjo en Otjiwarongo Okahandja en Rehoboth Okahandja, Rehoboth en Windhoek Luderitz, Warmbad, Keetmanshoop en Bethanie Sestigerjare: Beginvan die 'Grensoorlog' Vanaf 1 Junie 1960 is Regiment SWA hervernoem na Regiment Windhoek om dit in ooreenstemming te bring met die beleid om eenhede te vernoem na dorpe en plekke. In 1965 het die South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO), wat in 1958 as die Ovamboland People's Congress (OPC) gestig is, besluit om terreuraanvalle in SWA te loods. SWAPO-terroriste van die organisasie se militante vleuel, PLAN (People's Liberation Army of Namibia), het Owambo binnegesypel en 'n basis by Ongulumbashe gestig. Op 26 Augustus 1966 het 'n polisiemag die kamp in 'n verrassingsaanval vernietig. Twee terroriste is doodgeskiet en nege gevange geneem. In dieselfde jaar het drie ander terroristegroepe die grens na SWA oorgesteek en in Owambo bedrywig geraak. In een geval in September 1966, het die grensdorpie, Oshikango, onder skoot gekom. In Maart 1967 is 'n polisiepatrollie in Wes-Caprivi in 'n hinderlaag gelok, maar feitlik al die terroriste is later doodgeskiet of aangekeer. In Mei 1967 het SWAPO nog 'n terugslag gekry toe hul opperbevelhebber, Tobias Hanyeko, tydens 'n skermutseling langs die Zambezirivier doodgeskiet is. In die volgende tien maande is verdere welslae teen die terroriste behaal en teen April 1968 het die veiligheidsituasie dermate verbeter dat die SA Polisie sy teeninsur-gensie-personeel aan Owarnbo kon onttrek. In diesefde jaar is twintig SWAPO-leiers, insluitende Herman Toivo ja Toivo, tot lewenslange tronkstraf gevonnis vir oortreding van die wet op terrorisme. In Oktober 1968 het twee groot terroristegroepe egter opnuut in Owambo begin optree. Altesaam 56 terroriste is binne een week na hul aankoms in Owambo aangekeer en PLAN het hierna weer in kleiner groepies opgetree. Noodtoestand in 1972 'n Uitgebreide staking in SWA het in Januarie 1972 gelei tot die afkondiging van 'n noodtoestand in SWA se noordelike gebiede. Terselfdertyd is eenhede van die Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag (SAW) daarheen gestuur om te help met die handhawing van wet en orde. Hernieude Terreur en SAW se Toetrede(1973 - 1974) In Januarie 1973 het SWAPO 'n nuwe offensief van terreur-aanvalle geloods. In een voorval is 'n polisiekamp aan gekonsentreerde outomatiese geweervuur onderwerp. Die toename in terroriste-aktiwiteite het daartoe gelei dat die SA Leer in dieselfde jaar die teeninsurgensie-taak oorgeneem het. Die toenemende terroristebedrywighede van SWAPO in die tydperk 1973-1974 en die groter betrokkenheid van die SAW in die gebied, het egter ook ander probleme na vore gebring. Vir 'n gebied wat eendag onafhanklik sou wees, het SWA se sosio-ekonomiese bestel bepaalde leemtes geopenbaar: die ekonomiese lewe het grootliks gesentreer om die landbou wat op sigself betreklik onontwikkeld was. Die algemene vlak van onderwys en opleiding was ontoereikend terwyl bestaande gemeenskapsdienste nie veel beter daaraan toe was nie. Dit was teen hierdie agtergrond dat plaaslike owerhede en staatsdepartemente die SAW om bystand genader het. Die hulpverleningsprogramme wat hierop deur die SAW van stapel gestuur is, het in hoofsaak neergekom op die verlening van opvoedkundige, landboukundige en tegniese bystand. Reeds in Oktober 1974 is die eerste groep van vyftien gekeurde dienspligtiges met onderwys-kwallfikasies reeds na Kavango gestuur om die nypende tekort aan leerkragte aldaar te verlig en in die volgende jaar is meer as 150 onderwysers aan Owanibo, Kavango en Caprivi voorsien. Versoeke wat die SWA ontvang het vir hulpverlening op landbougebied, het gelei tot die aanwending van landbou-voorligters, veeartse en landboutegnik. Weermagspersoneel is ook as onderwysers by landbou-inrigtings soos die Ogongo-landboukollege (Owambo) aangewend. Voorligtingspersoneel was ook by 'n groot aantal verbouingsprojekte soos die groenteprojek te Kapako (Kavango) betrokke. Die SAW het ook op mediese gebied hulp aan plaaslike owerhede en gemeenskappe verleen. Geneeshere by basisse was na afhandeling van hul daaglikse siekeparades beskikbaar vir diens by staatshospitale waar die plaaslike bevolking mediese behandeling kon ontvang. Verder het mediese offisiere klinieke in die verskillende distrikte behartig waar duisende mense medies behandel is. Die SAGD het egter ook tandartse, veeartse, aptekers, gesond-heidsoffisiere, verpleegkundiges en mediese ordonnanse beskikbaar gestel wat 'n onmisbare bydrae tot die bevordering van die gesondheid van die mense en diere in die operasionele gebied gemaak het. Danksy die vinnige optrede van mediese personeel, is talle lewens gered; so byvoorbeeld is talle mense wat in landmynontploffings beseer is, deur middel van helikopters en vliegtuie na hospitals afgevoer waar noodoperasies betyds op hul uitgevoer kon word. Die bydrae wat die SAW oor die jare heen tot die sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling van SWA gelewer het, het nooit prominent in beriggewing deur die media na vore gekorn nie. Die SAW se operasionele optredes het meer publisiteit geniet. Tog het 'n gewese redakteur van Die Transvaler, Dr Willem (Wimpie) de Klerk, na 'n begeleide besoek aan SWA op 21 Julie 1982 met groot lof na hierdie sy van die SAW se betrokkenheid in SWA verwys. Hy het onder meer die volgende geskryf: "Inderdaad, die Weermag is werkgewer, opleier, weldoener en entrepeneur in die wereld wat gevange was in primitiwiteit en onderontwikkeling. Van hulle kant is al die humanitere dinge gedoen om die verstand en hart van die inheemse bevolkings te wen vir 'n bevrydende lewenskwaliteit." In 'n publikasie getiteld Die Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag se Bydrae tot die Sosio-ekonomiese Ontwikkeling van Suidwes-Afrika (1982), wat deur die Militere Informasie-buro uitgegee is, het die skrywer, J.A. Visser, sy waarnemings as volg opgesom: "Teen die agtergrond van die positiewe en konstruktiewe bydrae van die SAW, is dit duidelik dat die SAW die grootste enkele struikelblok in die weg van 'n Marxistiese magsoorname in SWA is. Deur die teenwoordigheid van die SAW word die maatskaplike en ekonomiese vooruitgang sowel as die politieke regte en vryheid van die inheemse bevolkingsgroepe gewaarborg, verseker en gerespekteer." |
MILITARY CHRONICLE OF S. WEST AFRICA (1915 - 1988) Compiled by Col C.J. Nothling Introduction The acceptance of UNSCR 435/78 (Resolution 435) by the Security Council of the United Nations Organisation (UNO) in September 1978, was the prelude to an independent South West Africa/Namibia (SWA). Notwithstanding the optimistic prospect that SWA would become independent by the end of 1978, the implementation of a settlement plan for the territory was delayed for more than a decade. The signing of a tripartite and bilateral agreement by the United Nations in New York on 22 December 1988, was an important milestone in the constitutional and historical development although considerable obstacles impeded the course of independence for SWA. After these agreements were signed, the South African Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr Pik Botha, remarked that the heavy losses infliced by the South African forces on the enemy (the forces of the MPLA government and the Cuban troops) at the Lpmba River in Angola (1987) was the turning point which resulted in the tripartite agreement. Mr Botha's statement was a confirmation of previous statements by political leaders and military experts. The Minister of Defence, General M. A. de M. Malan unequivocally indicated on several occasions that the military successes of the South African forces in Angola, forced the Cuban government and the MPLA authorities to the conference table. At a wings parade at the Central Flying School (Dunnottar) on 1 December 1988 he remarked as follows: "The battles at Lomba River and Cuito Cuanavale forced the Cubans and the Luanda regime to the conference table." Historically, the constitutional development of SWA proved that diplomacy and negotiation played an important part. At the same time the decisive role of the military factors as an impetus to the negotiation process concerning SWA cannot be ignored. Similarly the historical part played by the military should not be underestimated vis-a-vis the political development of SWA. In this article the military history of SWA is reviewed. In the nature of things, it is incomplete, albeit an attempt has been made to reflect and to place in perspective the most important facets which played a role in the historical development. First World War During the First World War, South Africa became involved in SWA for the first time when an expeditionary force of 67 000 men was mobilised in 1914 to conquer the territory from the German colonial regime. During the campaign in German South West Africa, the South African forces, with a loss of only 266 men, forced the German forces to surrender within six months. On 9 July 1915 Dr Theodor Seitz, the German Governor, and the Commander-in-Chief, Colonel V. Franke, surrendered at Khorab (Otavi) with 4 740 soldiers. The territory of 825 000 square kilometres was placed temporarily under South African military rule on the same date. Military rule in SWA was terminated on 17 December 1920 when the League of Nations placed it under the control of South Africa under the Mandate System. The Twenties: Voluntary Organisations and Revolts In the early twenties the Administrator of SWA received several requests that rifle clubs be established. These requests were approved and regulations for the establishment of military rifle clubs were enacted in 1921. These rifle clubs had their own constitutions which were approved by the Administrator. The next operational action by the Union Defence Force in SWA took place in 1922 when the Bondelswarts Tribe under the leadership of Captain Jacobus Christian revolted because the authorities would not agree to their claim that certain changes should be made to the borders of their reserve. After a refusal by the tribal chief to hand over a number of his followers who had misconducted themselves and had been involved in thefts, a force of 400 men was established in SWA. Members of the rifle clubs served in this force on a voluntary basis. The South African Air Force assisted to quell the uprising. The rebels, who suffered heavy losses in battles at Driehoek and Berg Kanmer, were eventually forced to surrender on 2 July 1922 by which time the Air Force had flown 105 hours without loss. More than 100 rebels were killed whilst only two members of the security forces were lost. In January 1923 a Citizen Force Proclamation was issued which provided for the inclusion and use of suitable, able-bodied men for the defence of the territory. A start was made to compile a Citizen Force list and officers were appointed. This system of military service was subsequently amended by proclamations in 1924 and 1927. In April 1925 the Rehoboth Basters revolted. Altogether 464 members of the Citizen Force were called up in certain districts and a force under the command of Col M.J. de Jager was mobilised to suppress the revolt. Three aircraft of the South African Air Force were also sent to SWA. On 4 April the aircraft took off from Lpuisvale and flew via Keetmanshoop to the Rehoboth territory. An air offensive against the rebels commenced the following day and was completed successfully within a few hours. Thereafter an air offensive was undertaken in other areas. The security forces were lauded for the effective measures taken in a special resolution adopted by the SWA Advisory Council after the insurrection. It is interesting to note that at that stage the SWA defence expenditure was borne entirely by the SWA Administration. This applied also to the Citizen Force component which was mobilised during the Rehobpth rebellion. Another important event which occurred in 1925, was the cancellation of the regulations promulgated in 1921 which authorised the establishment of rifle clubs. These were replaced by rifle practices controlled under the Citizen Force Regulations. A concerted effort was made in 1927 to establish the Citizen Force (SWA) as an effective defence organisation. An ambitious scheme was published and permanent headquarters for the Citizen Force were established. Col M.J. de Jager was appointed Chief Commandant and Maj C.A.B. van Coller (the Commissioner of Police in SWA) as Chief Staff Officer and Captain W.G.C. Steyn as Staff Adjudant. In October 1927 further appointments were made, viz: Maj Fourie as Director of Medical Services and Maj E. Richardson as Director of Supplies. Due to financial problems, the Citizen Force never really functioned properly and military training was no more than target practice. The post of Staff Adjudant was abolished in 1931 whilst that of Chief Commandant was relegated to an honorary position. The Citizen Force organisation virtually disappeared and even the target practice continued unofficially. The Thirties: Insurrection in Ovambo and the Establishment of the SWA Command In July 1932 the authorities had problems with the chief of the Ukuambi tribe. Three aircraft of the South African Air Force and two armoured cars were despatched from Pretoria to Ovambo and the tribal chief was forced to surrender. In 1938 and 1939 several attempts were made to resuscitate the Citizen Force and a school cadet corps was established in SWA. Discussions held in March 1939 resulted in a draft resolution for the establishment of an infantry battalion of 29 officers and 402 other ranks. This proposal eventually resulted in Union Government Proclamation No 234 of 1939 which brought SWA under the provisions of the Defence Act of 1912. As a result of this proclamation the SWA Command was established in November 1939. It consisted of a Citizen Force component of volunteers supplemented by a support company and signallers. On 1 December 1939 the 1 SWA Infantry Battalion (1 SWA Inf Bn) was established with its Headquarters in Windhoek. It became part of the Union Citizen Force. Second World War At this stage South Africa had already entered the Second World War as an ally of the Allied countries. SWA was no longer a German colony but German sentiments were still strong and Adolf Hitler's assumption of power in Germany had also strengthened the influence of the Nazi Party in SWA. In the thirties Hitler openly pressed for the return of the former German colonies. During Dr D.G. Conradie's term of office, militant Nazi organisations caused considerable unrest in SWA. The authorities were obliged to act and towards the end of 1939,150 Nazi leaders had already been interned and in October 1940, 1 200 German speaking persons found themselves in internment camps. The newly established infantry battalion in SWA was mobilised in 1940. In the months following this unit was mainly used to escort and guard prisoners of war. As a result of the stable conditions in SWA during the Second World War, it was possible to transfer 1 SWA Inf Bn to the Union. On 22 June 1940 it was mobilised as a wartime battalion of volunteers and during the war it served in SA and in North Africa. In 1940, 32 Defence rifle clubs were established in SWA and organised in four commandos, but became defunct in the same year. They were replaced by seventeen National Reserve Volunteer Units. On 20 January 1940 the Adjudant General supplied the following information concerning the SWA Command to the Chief of the General Staff: The SWA Headquarters had been established in Windhoek with the following staff: Officer Commanding Two Staff Officers Two Orderley Clerks One staff officer will also act as adjudant for 1 SWA In Bn which was established as a unit of the Active Citizen Force with headquarters in Windhoek and sub-units at Keetmanshoop, Grootfontein, Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Okahandja and Kalkveld. Anti-aircraft and artillery units were placed at Walvis Bay. The Post War Period: 1946 - 1948 On 1 January 1946 the old 1 SWA Inf Bn reverted to its previous name. The seventeen National Reserve Volunteer Units resumed their activities in 1946 and continued until 15 December 1948 when the rifle clubs were replaced by rifle commandos. The National Reserve of Volunteer Units SWA were disbanded on 31 March 1947. Whilst serving, the National Volunteers received part-time military training to equip them for any task they may have been required to undertake. The Fifties: Establishment of Commandos During 1957 the SWA Infantry Unit was changed to an armoured car regiment as a result of a minor reorganisation of the Union Defence Force. The Governor General approved the new unit name namely, Regiment SWA. In the same year the rifle commandos were converted to commandos. The following six commandos and one field-cornetcy were established: Commando Etosha Field-cornetcy Gibeon Gobabis Northern SWA North Western SWA Central SWA Southern SWA District(s) Tsumeb and Grootfontein Gibeon and Maltehoho Gobabis Outjo and Otjiwarango Okahandja and Rehoboth Okahandja, Rehoboth and Windhoek Luderitz, Warmbad, Keetmanshoop and Betanie The Sixties: Start of the "Border War" From 1 June 1960, Regiment SWA was renamed Regiment Windhoek in keeping with the policy to name units after the names of towns and places. In 1965 the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO), which originated in 1958 as the Ovamboland People's Congress (OPC), decided to launch terrorist attacks in SWA. SWAPO terrorists of the organisation's militant wing PLAN (People's Liberation Army of Namibia) penetrated Ovambo and established a base at Ongulum-bashe. On 26 August 1966 the police force destroyed the camp in a surprise attack. Two terrorists were shot and nine taken prisoner. In the same year three other terrorist groups cross the border to SWA and were active in Ovambo. On one occasion in September 1966, the border town Oshikango, was attacked. In March 1967 a police patrol in West Caprivi was ambushed but practically all the terrorists were later shot or arrested. In May 1967 SWAPO suffered yet another setback when their Commander-in-Chief, Tobias Hanyeko, was shot dead in a skirmish next to the Zambezi River. In the ten months following, further successes were achieved against the terrorists and in April 1968 the security measures had been so successful that the police could withdraw their counter-insurgency personnel from Ovambo. In the same year 20 SWAPO leaders including Herman Toivo ja Toivo, received a life sentence for having contravened the Terrorism Act. In October 1968 two large terrorist groups renewed their activities in Ovambo. Altogether 56 terrorists were arrested within a week of their arrival in Ovambo and PLAN thereafter operated in smaller groups. State of Emergency- 1972 A widespread strike in SWA in January 1972 resulted in the introduction of a state of emergency in the northern parts of SWA. At this time units of the South African Defence Force (SADF) were despatched to assist in maintaining law and order. Renewed Terrorism and SADF's Involvement (1973 - 1974) In January 1973, SWAPO embarked upon a new offensive in terrorist attacks. In one instance a police camp was subjected to concentrated automatic rifle fire. The increase in terrorist activities led to the South African Army taking over the counter-insurgency task in 1973. The increased terrorist activities of SWAPO during the period 1973-1974 and the greater involvement of the SADF in the area, brought to light other problems. For the territory destined to become independent one day, the socio-economic conditions had certain specific weaknesses. The economy was based largely on agriculture which in itself was comparatively poorly developed. The general standard of education and training was inadequate while existing community services were not much better. It was against this background that the local authorities and State Department approached the SADF for assistance. The aid programmes which the SADF introduced in response to the approaches were mainly in the educational, agricultural and technical fields. As early as October 1974 the first group of fifteen selected national servicemen, with teaching qualifications were transferred to Kavango to relieve the critical shortage of teaching staff and in the following year more than 150 teachers were sent to Ovambo, Kavango and Caprivi. Requests received by the SADF for assistance in the field of agriculture, resulted in the utilisation of agricultural extension officers, veterinary surgeons and agricultural technicians. SADF personnel were also used as teachers at agricultural institutions such as Ongongo Agricultural College (Ovambo). Agricultural extension officers were also involved in cultivation projects such as the vegetable project at Kapako (Kavango). The SADF also assisted local authorities and communities in the field of medicine. Medical doctors at bases were, after completion of their daily rounds at sick parades, available for service in state hospitals where the local population could be treated. Medical officers also ran clinics in the different districts where thousands received medical treatment. The SADF also made available dentists, veterinary surgeons, pharmacists, health officers, nursing staff and medical orderlies who made an indispensable contribution to the improvement of the health of humans and animals in the operational area. Thanks to the prompt actions of medical personnel, many lives were saved; for example many persons who were injured in landmine explosions, were taken by helicopters and aircraft to hospitals where emergency operations could be carried out in time. The SADF's contribution to the socio-economic development in SWA over many years, never'featured prominently in the media. The SADF's operational achievements enjoyed more publicity. However, a former editor of Die Transvaler, Dr Willem (Wimpie) de Klerk, paid tribute to the role of the SADF in SWA on 21 July 1982 after a conducted tour of SWA. He wrote inter alia as follows: "Indeed the Defence Force is employer, tutor, philanthropist and entrepreneur in a world imprisoned in primitive-ness and under-development. They did all the humanitarian things to win the mind and heart of the indigenous population to share in the liberating life-style of quality." In a publication entitled The South African Defence Force's Contribution to the Socio-Economic Development of South West Africa (1982), issued by the Military Information Bureau, the author, J.A. Visser, summed up his observations as follows: "Against the background of the positive and constructive contribution of the SADF, it is clear that the SADF was the greatest single obstacle impeding a Marxist take-over in SWA. By the presence of the SADF the social and economic progress as well as the political rights and freedom of the indigenous population groups were guaranteed, assured and respected." |
MILITÄR CHRONIK S. WEST AFRIKA (1915 - 1988) Zusammengestellt von Oberst C. J. Nöthling Einführung Ehrenamtliche Organisationen und Revolten Der Aufstand in Ovambo und die Gründung der SWA Kommando |
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